| 302 形式 A 把主动态动词变成被动态,是把助动词be变为主动态动词原来的时态,再加上主要动词的过去分词。主动态动词的主语这时变为被动态动词的施动者。这个施动者常常不被提到。若要提到,可置于 by 之后或放在从句的后面: This tree was planted by my grandfather.这棵树是我祖父种的。 B 被动语态的现在、过去及完成时态的例句: 
                    
                      | 主动态: | We keep the butter here.我们把黄油放在这儿。 |  
                      | 被动态: | The butter is kept here.黄油在这里放着。 |  
                      | 主动态: | They broke the window.他们把玻璃窗打碎了。 |  
                      | 被动态: | The window was broken.玻璃窗被打碎了。 |  
                      | 主动态: | People have seen wolves in the streets.人们在街上见到过狼。 |  
                      | 被动态: | Wolves have been seen in the streets.在街上看到过狼。 |  C 各个进行时态的被动态要求用 be 的进行式加上主要动词的过去分词,be 的这种进行时形式在其他方面很少使用: 
                    
                      | 主动态: | They are repairing the bridge.他们正在修桥。 |  
                      | 被动态: | The bridge is being repaired.桥正在修理。 |  
                      | 主动态: | They were carrying the injured player off the field.当时,他们正把受伤的选手抬出比赛场地。 |  
                      | 被动态: | The injured player was being carried off the field.当时,受伤的选手正被抬出比赛场地。 |  在被动句中,除现在及过去进行时外,其他进行进态用得非常少。因此像下列这类句子通常不能用被动态: They have/had been repairing the road. 他们一直在修理这条路。 They will/would be repairing the road. 他们将要修理这条路。 D 助动词+动词原形结构可借助于被动式来构成被动语态: 
                    
                      | 主动态: | You must/should shut these doors.你必须把这些门关上。 |  
                      | 被动态: | These doors must/should be shut.这些门必须关上。 |  
                      | 主动态: | They should/ought to have told him.他们本该告诉他才是。(不定式的完成主动式) |  
                      | 被动态: | He should/ought to have been told.本应该告诉他才是。(不定式的完成被动式) |  E 其他不定式结构 表示喜欢、热爱、希望、想要及与其相似意义的动词 + 宾语 + 不定式,由不定式的被动式构成其被动语态: 
                    
                      | 主动态: | He wants someone to take photographs.他想找个人来照些相。 |  
                      | 被动态: | He wants photographs to be taken.(译文同上。) |  表示命令/请求/劝告/邀请的动词 + 间接宾语 + 不定式,可用主动词的被动式来构成被动语态: 
                    
                      | 主动态: | He invited me to go.他邀请我去。 |  
                      | 被动态: | I was invited to go.我被邀请去。 |  但是,如是 advise/beg/order/recommend/urge + 间接宾语 + 不定式 + 宾语的结构,则可构成两种被动语态:或如上所述将主要动词变为被动语态,或用 advise 等 + that… should + 被动式: 
                    
                      | 主动态: | He urged the Council to reduce the rates.他敦请市议会减轻捐税。 |  
                      | 被动态: | The Council was/were urged to reduce the rates.市议会被敦请减轻捐税。 |  
                      | 主动态: | He urged that the rates should be reduced.他敦请减轻捐税。 |  至于 agree/be anxious/arrange/be determined/determine/de-cide/demand + 不定式 + 宾语,则通常用 that…should 结构来表示被动语态,与上面所述的第二种方式相同: 
                    
                      | 主动态: | He decided to sell the house.他决定把房子卖了。 |  
                      | 被动态: | He decided that the house should be sold.他决定,房子必须得卖掉。(参见第235节。) |  F 动名词结构 如是 advise/insist/propose/recommend/suggest + 动名词 + 宾语结构,通常由 that …should 结构来表示被动语态,与上面所述相同: 
                    
                      | 主动态: | He recommended using bullet-proof glass.他建议用防弹玻璃。 |  
                      | 被动态: | He recommended that bullet-proof glass should be used.他建议该使用防弹玻璃。(参见第235节。) |  F 动名词结构 如是 it/they + need + 动名词结构,也可用 it/they + need + 被动式结构来表示,两种结构在意思上都是被动语态。其他动名词结构的被动态由动名词的被动式来表示: 
                    
                      | 主动态: | I remember them taking me to the Zoo.我记得他们曾带我去过动物园。 |  
                      | 被动态: | I remember being taken to the Zoo.我记得被带到动物园去过。 |  |